Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts gehörte Justus Perthes’ Geographische Anstalt in Gotha mit der Zeitschrift Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes‘ Geographischer Anstalt oder Stieler’s Hand-Atlas zu den weltweit führenden wissenschaftlichen Kartenverlagen. Unter August Petermann wurden eine Reihe bedeutender Kartographen ausgebildet, von denen Hermann Habenicht zu einem wichtigen Mitarbeiter der Verlagsanstalt heranwuchs. Zahlreiche Karten und Atlanten für Wissenschaft, Schule und Alltagsgebrauch wurden von dem begabten Zeichner entworfen, der über fünfzig Jahre im Unternehmen arbeitete und zur weiteren ästhetischen Ausprägung des „Gothaer Kartenstils“ beitrug. Als Kartograph, vor allem bei Lehrern hochangesehen, war Habenicht in wissenschaftlichen Fachkreisen dennoch höchst umstritten. Mit seiner katastrophentheoretischen Weltentstehungstheorie, die er in zahlreichen, privat veröffentlichten Schriften und Karten visualisierte, versuchte er Wissenschaft und christliche Glaubensehre miteinander zu „versöhnen“. In diesem Zusammenhang beschrieb er die Erdgeschichte als ein Ergebnis von Zyklen gigantischer Vulkanausbrüche, Sintfluten und Erdbeben, auf denen Phasen der Neuschöpfung erfolgten. Für den Verlag stellten die spekulativen Ansichten ihres Mitarbeiters, die auch stillschweigend – aber keineswegs unbemerkt ─ in die Verlagsprodukte einzusickern begannen, ein zunehmendes Problem dar, welche die Glaubwürdigkeit und wissenschaftliche Reputation des Verlages gefährdete.
Im „Fall Habenicht“ bündeln sich eine Reihe von zentralen Fragen, die in dem Forschungsprojekt exemplarisch hinterfragt werden: Wie musste Wissen von Nicht-Wissen im Medium der Karte getrennt werden, um wissenschaftlich geltenden Kriterien zu entsprechen? Was passierte, wenn beim Kartenzeichnen ethische Grenzen hinsichtlich der Regeln wissenschaftlicher Praxis überschritten wurden? Hierzu werden die Abgrenzungspraktiken der Wissenschaftler und der Verlagsanstalt Justus Perthes im Umgang mit Habenichts Veröffentlichungen betrachtet. Die Arbeiten des Gothaer Kartographen werden somit zum Ausgangspunkt genommen, um einerseits die Wissensordnungen und -praktiken der zeitgenössischen Geowissenschaften und Kartographie, anderseits die interne verlegerische Unternehmenspolitik im Umgang mit dem kollektiven Ethos der “Genauigkeit“ im Spannungsfeld von Verwissenschaftlichungsprozessen, ökonomischen Kalkül und weltanschaulicher Krise vor dem Hintergrund der kulturellen und gesellschaftlichen Umbrüche des Wilhelminischen Kaiserreiches zu historisieren.
The Prophet of Gotha. Work on the cartographic ideal and precarious map knowledge in the 19th century.
In the middle of the 19th century Justus Perthes‘ Geographical Establishment in Gotha was one of the world’s leading scientific map publishers. The renowned cartographer August Petermann trained a number of important cartographers. Among his disciples Hermann Habenicht became an important employee of the publishing house. Numerous maps and atlases for scientific purposes, school and everyday use were designed by the talented draftsman who worked for over fifty years in the company and contributed to the further aesthetic expression of the „Gotha map style“. As a cartographer, especially highly regarded by teachers, he became a highly controversial figure among geoscientists. With his catastrophe theory of world genesis, which he visualized in numerous, privately published writings and maps, he tried to „reconcile“ science and Christian belief. Thus he described the history of the earth as a result of cycles of gigantic volcanic eruptions, floods and earthquakes. His speculative views began to infiltrate the Perthes products, which caused an increasing problem that jeopardized the credibility and scientific reputation of the publisher.
In the case of Habenicht, a series of central questions are bundled, which are going to be scrutinized in the research project: How did cartographers separate knowledge of non-knowledge in order to correspond with scientifically valid criteria? What happened when ethical boundaries regarding the rules of scientific practice were exceeded? To this end, the demarcation practices of the scientists and the publishing house Justus Perthes are in focus. On the other hand, I will investigate the internal strategy of the publishing house dealing with the collective ethos of „accuracy“ and economic aims. The case study tries to reconstruct the knowledge systems and practices of contemporary geosciences and cartography in the context of the Wilhelminian Empire.
Laufzeit
seit 01/2015
Bearbeiter
Norman Henniges
Publikationen
… in Vorbereitung
Kooperation(en)
Forschungszentrum Gotha der Universität Erfurt
Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde, Leipzig
Weitere Informationen
Dr. Norman Henniges
norman.henniges[at]oeaw.ac.at
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